Annual Review 2024-2025

interfaces using Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), X-ray Standing Waves (XSW), Photoelectron Diffraction (PhD) and X-ray Reflectivity (XRR). I09 offers a unique opportunity for probing the electronic structures of buried layers and interfaces in either an angle-integrated or angle-resolved mode. I07 is a high-resolution X-ray diffraction beamline for investigating the structure of surfaces and interfaces under different environmental conditions, including harsh and real-world environments. The design of beamline I07 includes the capacity for Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray Reflectivity (XRR) techniques in addition to Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXD). B07 is designed to provide soft X-rays between 50 and 2800 eV for studying atomic structures and electronic/chemical properties of surfaces and interfaces by Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (NEXAFS). The structures and surfaces group The Structures and Surfaces Group includes four beamlines, each consisting of multiple end-stations that are optimised for a specific type of experiment: I05 (Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy – ARPES), I07 (Surface and Interface X-ray Diffraction), B07 (Versatile Soft X-ray Scattering – VERSOX) and I09 (Surface and Interface Structural Analysis – SISA). They offer a variety of techniques to examine the atomic scale structure, chemical nature and electronic state at buried interfaces or the surfaces of materials. I05 provides an intense and highly monochromatic beam of vacuum ultraviolet radiation. Photoelectrons emitted from the sample are analysed by a high- resolution angle-multiplexing electron analyser. A cryogenic sample manipulator is used to rotate the sample to cover different emission angles above the surface and thus different electron momenta. I09 is designed for high-resolution studies of atomic and electronic structures of surfaces and Structures and Surfaces Group D I A M O N D L I G H T S O U R C E L I M I T E D 31