X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides chemical information and can be exploited with either soft (SXPS) or hard X-rays (HAXPES) to vary the surface/bulk sensitivity. With HAXPES, the X-rays used to probe the sample have high energies and thus can penetrate deeper into a system resulting in electrons being kicked out with high kinetic energy. If typical surfaces emitted electrons with 30-100 eV of kinetic energy, HAXPES looks at energies of 5-6 keV, therefore it can examine the 5-10 nm of the outermost layers of the sample.
HAXPES is used to investigate buried interfaces; bulk properties and observing how the sample changes as you go deeper beneath the surface.
I09 is designed to provide both soft and hard X-rays for high-resolution studies of atomic and electronic structures of surfaces and interfaces using photoelectron spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray standing waves and photoelectron diffraction.
More information
Diamond Light Source is the UK's national synchrotron science facility, located at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Oxfordshire.
Copyright © 2022 Diamond Light Source
Diamond Light Source Ltd
Diamond House
Harwell Science & Innovation Campus
Didcot
Oxfordshire
OX11 0DE
Diamond Light Source® and the Diamond logo are registered trademarks of Diamond Light Source Ltd
Registered in England and Wales at Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom. Company number: 4375679. VAT number: 287 461 957. Economic Operators Registration and Identification (EORI) number: GB287461957003.
Instruments
Macromolecular
Soft Condensed 
Imaging and
Biological
Magnetic
Structures and
Crystallography 
Spectroscopy